26 Jun 2005
26 Jun 2005
PART 1: GENERAL........................................................................................................................................................8
1. Title.......................................................................................................................................................................8
2. Legislative Authority ............................................................................................................................................8
3. Application Of The Law..........................................................................................................................................8
4. Date Of Enactment.................................................................................................................................................8
5. Commencement ....................................................................................................................................................8
6. Interpretation........................................................................................................................................................8
7. Non-Assignment Of Right Of Action ......................................................................................................................8
8. Rights Cumulative .................................................................................................................................................8
9. Limitation..............................................................................................................................................................9
10. Causation ...........................................................................................................................................................9
11. Intervening Act ...................................................................................................................................................9
PART 2: CAPACITY .....................................................................................................................................................10
12. Capacity ............................................................................................................................................................10
PART 3: OBLIGATIONS OF GENERALAPPLICATION.........................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 1: APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY ...............................................................................................................11
13. Joint And Several Liability ................................................................................................................................11
14. Apportionment Of Joint And Several Liability....................................................................................................11
15. Vicarious Liability .............................................................................................................................................11
16. Responsibility For Children................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 2: NEGLIGENCE...........................................................................................................................................12
17. Liability .............................................................................................................................................................12
18. Duty Of Care.......................................................................................................................................................12
19. Public Authorities..............................................................................................................................................13
20. Economic Loss...................................................................................................................................................13
21. Standard Of Care ...............................................................................................................................................13
2 CHAPTER 3: OCCUPIERS' LIABILITY..........................................................................................................................14
22. Liability..............................................................................................................................................................14
23. Occupier's Duty Of Care To Visitors....................................................................................................................14
24. Standard Of Care ...............................................................................................................................................14
25. Warnings And Notices.......................................................................................................................................15
26. Occupier's Duty Of Care To Non-Visitors............................................................................................................15
27. Standard Of Care ...............................................................................................................................................15
28. Warnings And Notices.......................................................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 4: MISREPRESENTATION .............................................................................................................................15
29. Misrepresentation Defined................................................................................................................................15
30. Liability..............................................................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 5: DECEIT ..................................................................................................................................................16
31. Deceit................................................................................................................................................................16
CHAPTER 6: ECONOMIC TORTS ..................................................................................................................................17
32. Inducing Or Procuring A Breach Of A Legal Right ..............................................................................................17
33. Intimidation.......................................................................................................................................................17
34. Unlawful Interference With Contract ................................................................................................................17
35. Exception To Articles 33 And 34 .......................................................................................................................18
36. Unlawful Conspiracy .........................................................................................................................................18
37. Breach Of Confidence........................................................................................................................................18
38. Passing Off........................................................................................................................................................19
39. Assisting Passing Off By Others........................................................................................................................19
40. Interpretation....................................................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 7: WRONGFUL INTERFERENCE WITH PROPERTY...........................................................................................20
41. Wrongful Interference With Property.................................................................................................................20
42. Meaning Of Property .........................................................................................................................................20
43. Person With An Interest In Property..................................................................................................................20
44. More Than One Interest In The Property.............................................................................................................20
45. Provisions Of Part 7 (Obligations Relating To Banking) .....................................................................................20
46. Rights Of Third Parties.......................................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 8: TRESPASS TO LAND ...............................................................................................................................21
47. Claimant Defined................................................................................................................................................21
48. Trespass Defined...............................................................................................................................................21
49. Lawful Justification ..........................................................................................................................................21
50. Defence Of Property ..........................................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 9: NUISANCE..............................................................................................................................................22
51. Nuisance Defined...............................................................................................................................................22
52. Surrounding Circumstances...............................................................................................................................22
53. Substantial Loss................................................................................................................................................22
54. Defences...........................................................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER 10: DEFENCES ..........................................................................................................................................22
55. Voluntary Assumption Of Risk ...........................................................................................................................22
56. Illegal Conduct Of Claimant................................................................................................................................23
57. Prevention Of Crime And Harm...........................................................................................................................23
58. Lawful Authority ...............................................................................................................................................23
59. Exclusion Of Liability.........................................................................................................................................23
PART 4: OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO INSURANCE .........................................................................................................24
60. Application And Scope......................................................................................................................................24
61. Duty Of The Insured To Disclose Facts...............................................................................................................24
62. Duty Of Utmost Good Faith Of The Insurer And Of The Insured...........................................................................25
63. Consequence Of Breach Of Duty .......................................................................................................................25
64. Regulations ......................................................................................................................................................25
PART 5: OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO BAILMENT ...........................................................................................................26
CHAPTER 1: APPLICATION AND DEFINITIONS...............................................................................................................26
65. Application........................................................................................................................................................26
66. Bailment Defined...............................................................................................................................................26
67. Sub-Bailment Defined .......................................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER 2: DUTIES OF BAILOR AND BAILEE...............................................................................................................27
68. Application Of This Chapter...............................................................................................................................27
69. Duty Of The Bailor To Disclose Information........................................................................................................27
70. Expenses .........................................................................................................................................................27
71. Duty Of The Bailee To Take Care Of Property Bailed...........................................................................................27
72. Duty Of The Bailee Not To Use Property Bailed ..................................................................................................28
73. Bailee's Duty Not To Act In A Manner Inconsistent With Owner's Title ……....................................................... 28
74. Duty Of The Bailee To Return Property...............................................................................................................29
75. Joint Bailments.................................................................................................................................................29
76. Sub-Bailments...................................................................................................................................................29
PART 6: NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ...........................................................................................................................30
CHAPTER 1: DEFINITIONS .........................................................................................................................................30
77. Negotiable Instrument Defined..........................................................................................................................30
78. Bill Of Exchange Defined...................................................................................................................................30
79. Cheque Defined ................................................................................................................................................30
80. Promissory Note Defined...................................................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 2: BILLS OF EXCHANGE ..............................................................................................................................31
81. Effect Where Different Parties To Bill Are The Same Person .............................................................................31
82. Address To Drawee............................................................................................................................................31
83. Certainty Required As To Payee.........................................................................................................................31
84. What Bills Are Negotiable..................................................................................................................................32
85. Bill Payable On Demand ....................................................................................................................................32
86. Bill Payable At A Future Time ............................................................................................................................32
87. Omission Of Date In Bill Payable After Date.......................................................................................................32
88. Ante-Dating And Post-Dating............................................................................................................................33
89. Optional Terms By Drawer Or Endorser...............................................................................................................33
90. Acceptance.......................................................................................................................................................33
91. Incomplete Instruments....................................................................................................................................33
92. Delivery .............................................................................................................................................................33
93. Capacity Of Parties............................................................................................................................................34
94. Signature Essential To Liability.........................................................................................................................34
95. Person Signing As Agent...................................................................................................................................34
96. Holder In Due Course ........................................................................................................................................34
97. Negotiation Of Bill .............................................................................................................................................34
98. Requirements For A Valid Endorsement............................................................................................................35
99. Conditional Endorsement..................................................................................................................................35
100. Endorsement In Blank And Special Endorsement............................................................................................35
101. Restrictive Endorsement ................................................................................................................................36
102. Negotiation Of Overdue Or Dishonoured Bill.....................................................................................................36
103. Negotiation Of Bill To Party Already Liable Thereon ........................................................................................36
104. Rights Of The Holder........................................................................................................................................37
105. When Presentation For Acceptance Is Necessary...........................................................................................37
106. Time For Presenting Bill Payable After Sight ...................................................................................................37
107. Presentation For Acceptance, And Excuses For Non-Presentation ................................................................38
108. Non-Acceptance..............................................................................................................................................38
109. Dishonour By Non-Acceptance And Its Consequences ...................................................................................38
110. Duties As To Qualified Acceptances................................................................................................................38
111. Presentation For Payment ..............................................................................................................................39
112. Late Presentation For Payment And Exceptions From Presentation ..............................................................39
113. Dishonour By Non-Payment.............................................................................................................................40
114. Notice Of Dishonour And Effect Of Non-Notice ...............................................................................................40
115. Notice Of Dishonour.........................................................................................................................................40
116. Late Notice And Exceptions From Notice........................................................................................................40
117. Duties Of Holder As Regards Drawee Or Acceptor............................................................................................41
118. Liability Of Acceptor.........................................................................................................................................41
119. Liability Of Drawer Or Endorser.........................................................................................................................42
120. Stranger Signing Bill Liable As Endorser..........................................................................................................42
121. Measure Of Damages Against Parties To Dishonoured Bills.............................................................................42
122. Transferor By Delivery And Transferee ............................................................................................................43
123. Payment In Due Course ...................................................................................................................................43
124. Banker Paying Demand Draft Whereon Endorsement Is Forged ......................................................................43
125. Acceptor The Holder At Maturity......................................................................................................................43
126. Express Waiver................................................................................................................................................43
127. Cancellation ....................................................................................................................................................44
128. Alteration Of Bill..............................................................................................................................................44
129. Holder’s Right To Duplicate Of Lost Bill ...........................................................................................................44
CHAPTER 3: CHEQUES ..............................................................................................................................................45
130. Application Of Chapter 2..................................................................................................................................45
131. Presentation Of Cheque For Payment..............................................................................................................45
132. Presentation Of Cheque For Payment: Alternative Means Of Presentation By Banker ....................................45
133. Cheques Presented For Payment Under Article 132; Disapplication Of Article 117 .........................................46
134. Revocation Of Bank’s Authority ......................................................................................................................46
135. Crossed Cheques.............................................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 4: PROMISSORY NOTES ..............................................................................................................................46
136. Delivery Necessary .........................................................................................................................................46
137. Joint And Several Notes...................................................................................................................................46
138. Note Payable On Demand.................................................................................................................................47
139. Presentation Of Promissory Note For Payment ................................................................................................47
140. Liability Of Maker.............................................................................................................................................47
141. Application Of Chapter 2 (Bills Of Exchange) To Notes....................................................................................47
CHAPTER 5: CHEQUES AND OTHER INSTRUMENTS.......................................................................................................48
142. Relevant Instruments .....................................................................................................................................48
143. General And Special Crossings Defined...........................................................................................................48
144. Crossing By Drawer Or After Issue....................................................................................................................48
145. Crossing A Material Part Of Instrument............................................................................................................48
146. Duties Of Bank As To Crossed Instruments......................................................................................................49
147. Protection To Banker And Drawer Where Instrument Is Crossed......................................................................49
148. Non-Transferable Instruments........................................................................................................................49
149. Protection Of Bankers Paying Unendorsed Or Irregularly Endorsed Instruments ............................................49
150. Protection Of Bankers Collecting Payment Of Instruments..............................................................................49
151. Obligation Of Bankers To Pay Cheques.............................................................................................................50
152. Protection Of Bankers Paying Bearer Cheques ...............................................................................................50
153. Rights Of Bankers Collecting Cheques Not Endorsed By Holders....................................................................50
PART 7: OBLIGATIONS RELATING TO BANKING.............................................................................................................51
154. Application......................................................................................................................................................51
155. Duty Of Confidentiality Of A Banking Business ...............................................................................................51
156. Duties Of A Banker ..........................................................................................................................................51
PART 8: FIDUCIARY DUTIES........................................................................................................................................52
157. Application.......................................................................................................................................................52
158. Fiduciary Status ..............................................................................................................................................52
159. Fiduciary Duties...............................................................................................................................................52
160. Consequences Of Breach ................................................................................................................................52
SCHEDULE 1...............................................................................................................................................................54
SCHEDULE 2..............................................................................................................................................................59
SCHEDULE 3...............................................................................................................................................................60
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